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- 摘要：Patient-Derived Organoids (PDOs) are three-dimensional models constructed through in vitro three-dimensional culture systems that can highly mimic the characteristics of patients’ tumors, often referred to as "mini-organs." These models can not only recapitulate the genetic, phenotypic, and metabolic diversity of patient tumors but also effectively simulate the tumor microenvironment and heterogeneity. They provide an ideal platform for fundamental research, including exploring tumor drug resistance mechanisms, studying the dynamic processes of disease initiation and progression, and discovering and functionally validating novel drug targets. In the era of precision medicine, PDOs demonstrate significant potential in guiding clinical medication decisions, optimizing new drug development pathways, and reshaping the design of clinical trials.The core of precision medicine lies in moving beyond the traditional "one-size-fits-all" diagnostic and treatment model, instead formulating personalized treatment plans based on individual patient differences in genetics, environment, and lifestyle. With advances in genomics and sequencing technologies, next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based testing has become version 1.0 of precision medicine. However, the high heterogeneity of tumors, the complexity of the tumor microenvironment, and the limitations of existing detection technologies—such as sample homogenization and insufficient tumor cell content—hinder their precise clinical application. PDOs, as a class of high-fidelity in vitro three-dimensional models, have opened a new chapter—version 2.0—in precision medicine.PDOs serve not only as a powerful basic research platform for studying the tumor microenvironment (TME), drug resistance mechanisms, and discovering new biomarkers, but also exhibit tremendous potential in clinical translation. In preclinical research, PDOs are widely used for high-throughput drug screening, exploring combination therapy strategies, and assessing drug safety. They enable efficient prediction of drug efficacy, differentiation between synergistic and antagonistic effects, and evaluation of toxicity risks to normal tissues. In clinical research, the potential applications of PDOs span the entire process of drug development and individualized treatment, including assisting in the selection of lead indications, dose estimation, patient screening, sample size calculation, and expanding new drug indications. Furthermore, PDOs demonstrate unique value in predicting the efficacy of cell therapies (e.g., CAR-T), assessing radiosensitivity, and co-culturing with other immune cells to develop novel therapeutic approaches.Multiple expert consensus statements have been established both domestically and internationally, dedicated to promoting the standardization and clinical application of organoid drug sensitivity testing. The concept of "one organoid equals one patient" is gradually becoming a trend, aiming to overcome the limitations of genomic information by directly testing drugs on PDOs as "in vitro avatars" of patients, thereby achieving more precise guidance for individualized treatment.Since its inception in 2009, organoid technology has evolved from building basic models to deep integration with technologies such as single-cell sequencing, microfluidic chips, and gene editing. The complexity and application breadth of these models continue to expand. Today, organoid technology plays an increasingly vital role in precision medicine, drug development, and regenerative medicine. Looking ahead, with model optimization, standardization, and the accumulation of clinical evidence, PDOs are expected to play an even more central role in personalized cancer therapy and new drug development. We are on the verge of entering a new "Organoid Era."关键词：Patient-derived organoids;Three-dimensional culture;Tumor microenvironment;Precision medicine;Clinical translation26|2|0更新时间：2026-02-11
- 摘要：In recent years, the continuous accumulation of evidence from molecular biology, medical imaging, and evidence-based medicine has driven a systematic reshaping of diagnostic and therapeutic paradigms for thyroid cancer. Differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) is generally associated with a favorable prognosis; however, marked biological and clinical heterogeneity exists across different risk populations. In contrast, poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma (PDTC) and anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) remain characterized by high aggressiveness, rapid progression, and limited therapeutic options, accounting for the majority of thyroid cancer–related mortality. How to achieve precise risk stratification and optimize therapeutic strategies based on tumor biology and disease stage has therefore emerged as a central challenge in the field.Entering 2025, the integration of expanding evidence-based data and technological innovation has further accelerated this paradigm shift. On the one hand, continuous updates to clinical practice guidelines—centered on risk stratification and dynamic assessment—have promoted a transition in early-stage DTC management toward individualized care and long-term quality-of-life–oriented strategies. On the other hand, advances in artificial intelligence (AI)–assisted diagnostics, novel molecular imaging techniques, and multi-omics analyses are redefining diagnostic pathways and risk assessment frameworks for thyroid cancer. For patients with advanced disease and radioiodine-refractory (RAIR) thyroid cancer, the therapeutic landscape continues to expand with the development of molecular targeted therapies, immunotherapy, and redifferentiation strategies. In parallel, innovative approaches such as cell-based therapies, exemplified by chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cell therapy, have begun to enter early-phase clinical exploration.Meanwhile, fundamental research paradigms are undergoing a notable shift. Research focus is moving beyond single driver mutations toward a systems-level understanding encompassing tumor metabolic reprogramming, epigenetic regulation, and complex interactions within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Integrative multi-omics and spatial transcriptomic analyses have revealed that the extreme aggressiveness of ATC is not solely determined by tumor cell–intrinsic abnormalities, but rather arises from the coordinated influence of immunosuppressive microenvironments, metabolic remodeling, and intercellular signaling networks. These insights provide a theoretical foundation for combination therapies and microenvironment-targeted interventions.Against this background, this review systematically summarizes the key advances in thyroid cancer research in 2025, including updates to clinical practice guidelines, innovations in diagnostic technologies, evolution of systemic treatment strategies, and breakthroughs in mechanistic studies, with the aim of providing a comprehensive reference framework for clinical practice and future research directions.关键词：Thyroid cancer;2025 research advances;clinical guideline updates;diagnostic strategies;therapeutic advances;Molecular mechanisms65|1|0更新时间：2026-02-11
- 摘要：Hormone receptor-positive(HR+)/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HER2−) breast cancer is the most common breast cancer subtype, with endocrine therapy as its core treatment modality. In recent years, the treatment paradigm has shifted toward a comprehensive management model characterized by "endocrine therapy as the foundation plus targeted combination therapy for enhanced efficacy". Based on the important research advances in 2025, this paper systematically reviews the evidence-based evidence and clinical decision-making for this breast cancer subtype across different treatment phases by focusing on 10 key hot issues.In the neoadjuvant setting for early-stage disease, neoadjuvant endocrine therapy demonstrates comparable efficacy to chemotherapy in specific patient populations. Cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK4/6) inhibitors combined with endocrine therapy have exhibited notable biological inhibitory effects. Novel agents such as lasofoxifene, giredestrant, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), and immunotherapies have expanded the preoperative treatment options, though they have not yet reshaped the current treatment landscape.Adjuvant therapy for early-stage disease emphasizes an individualized strategy stratified by recurrence risk. The 15-year follow-up results of the SOFT/TEXT trials have confirmed the long-term benefits of ovarian function suppression (OFS) combined with aromatase inhibitors (AIs) in premenopausal patients with intermediate-high risk. Long-term follow-up data of CDK4/6 inhibitors including abemaciclib, ribociclib, and dalpiciclib have established their core role in adjuvant intensification therapy for intermediate-high risk patients. Additionally, the lidERA trial verified that giredestrant, an oral selective estrogen receptor degrader (SERDs), is superior to conventional endocrine therapy, thus emerging as a novel option for intermediate-high risk patients.In the first-line treatment of advanced disease, the three major CDK4/6 inhibitors combined with endocrine therapy yield comparable efficacy. Combination regimens containing phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase alpha (PI3Kα) inhibitors bring clinical benefits to patients with PIK3CA mutations who develop endocrine resistance. Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA)-guided monitoring of ESR1 mutations enables "early identification and timely switching of therapies", facilitating the transition toward dynamic and precision treatment management.In the post-CDK4/6 inhibitor era for second-line treatment of advanced disease, pathway-oriented strategies based on molecular stratification have become the mainstream.Combination regimens with inhibitors targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR axis provide effective options for patients with aberrant PAM pathway activation. Oral SERDs and their combination strategies represent the key therapeutic direction for patients with ESR1 mutations, while dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors have achieved new breakthroughs for patients with wild-type PIK3CA.In summary, research advances over the past year have gradually driven the transformation of HR+/HER2− breast cancer treatment toward precision and dynamism. With the discovery of more therapeutic targets and the development of novel agents in the future, the individualized treatment system will be continuously refined, bringing more durable disease control and long-term survival benefits to patients.59|3|0更新时间：2026-01-29
- 摘要：Breast cancer is a highly heterogeneous malignancy. Its initiation, progression, therapeutic response, and risk of recurrence are jointly regulated by intrinsic molecular characteristics of tumor cells, dynamic remodeling of the tumor microenvironment, and multilayered systemic macroenvironmental factors. With the rapid development of single-cell sequencing and spatial omics, breast cancer research has gradually shifted from static classification to a dynamic and systems-level understanding centered on tumor evolution.In 2025, Chinese researchers achieved a series of internationally influential advances in elucidating tumor evolutionary mechanisms, innovating therapeutic strategies, and developing diagnostic and predictive approaches for breast cancer. These studies systematically uncovered novel mechanisms underlying intrinsic adaptive evolution and immune evasion of tumor cells, and further extended the conceptual framework to systemic macroenvironmental regulation, highlighting the critical roles of cross-organ communication in breast cancer progression and metastasis. At the therapeutic level, multiple strategies targeting metabolic vulnerabilities of tumor cells, reprogramming of the tumor immune microenvironment, and biologically engineered technologies have been proposed and validated, demonstrating substantial translational potential in overcoming therapeutic resistance and enhancing treatment efficacy. In terms of diagnosis and prognosis, emerging approaches, including multimodal integration of imaging and omics data, spatial omics, and dynamic monitoring of circulating tumor DNA, have provided new technical pathways for refined molecular stratification, therapeutic response evaluation, and recurrence risk prediction.This review systematically summarizes representative advances made by Chinese researchers in basic and translational breast cancer research in 2025, integrating findings across tumor evolutionary mechanisms, therapeutic innovations, and diagnostic and predictive methodologies. It aims to present an overarching landscape of the field, distill shared scientific themes, and provide future directions for precision diagnosis, treatment, and individualized longitudinal management of breast cancer.关键词：Breast cancer;Basic and translational research;Tumor evolution;Tumor microenvironment;Multiomics integration18|1|0更新时间：2026-01-29
- 摘要：2025 has witnessed numerous landmark research findings and clinical breakthroughs in the global field of gynecologic oncology. Focusing on the three major gynecologic malignancies (ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, and cervical cancer), this article systematically summarizes the annual progress by integrating evidence-based medicine, the implementation of innovative therapies, transformations in clinical practice, and both international frontiers and original Chinese contributions, covering advancements in tumor treatment technologies and translational basic research.关键词：Ovarian cancer;Cervical cancer;Endometrial cancer;operation;Medication14|3|0更新时间：2026-01-28
- 摘要：Leptomeningeal metastasis from breast cancer is one of the severe complications of advanced breast cancer, characterized by complex and variable clinical manifestations, rapid disease progression, and an extremely poor prognosis. With advancements in medical technology and the development of novel diagnostic methods and comprehensive treatment modalities, patient survival has been continuously extended, leading to a year-by-year increase in the incidence of leptomeningeal metastasis from breast cancer. Currently, there is no unified global or domestic standard for its diagnosis and treatment strategies, resulting in variations across different regions and institutions. To standardize and enhance the level of diagnosis and treatment for leptomeningeal metastasis from breast cancer in China, the expert panel for this consensus, based on a comprehensive evaluation of the existing evidence-based medical evidence and combined with clinical practical experience, has systematically elaborated on the epidemiology, high-risk factors, diagnostic strategies, treatment options, and key points of follow-up assessment for this condition, and formulated corresponding recommendations. This consensus aims to provide clinicians with practical diagnostic and therapeutic guidance, promote the standardized management of leptomeningeal metastasis from breast cancer, and ultimately improve patient outcomes.关键词：Breast neoplasms;Meningeal carcinomatosis;Intrathecal injections;Ventriculoperitoneal shunt;Radiation oncology;Consensus123|7|0更新时间：2026-01-28
- 摘要：With the optimization of tumor screening strategies and increasing public health awareness, the proportion of early breast cancer diagnoses has continued to rise. High-quality clinical studies provide the evidence base for clinical guidelines and expert consensus and drive continuous refinement of early breast cancer management. Based on updates of domestic and international breast cancer guidelines and consensuses in 2025, this article reviews key studies that have influenced clinical practice. In local treatment, the INSEMA study confirmed the non-inferiority of omitting surgical axillary staging in clinically node-negative T1–T2 patients; the COMET study explored active surveillance in low-risk ductal carcinoma in situ; and the BRCA BCY Collaboration study demonstrated improved long-term survival in young patients with germline BRCA mutations undergoing prophylactic surgery. IMPORT LOW, HYPART, and NSABP B-51 supported individualized radiotherapy fields and fractionation strategies. In the neoadjuvant setting, neoCARHP and CompassHER2-pCR supported de-escalated strategies based on dual HER2 blockade in HER2-positive early breast cancer, while DESTINY-Breast11 showed that trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd) combined with dual blockade further improved pathological complete response in high-risk patients. In triple-negative breast cancer, the PLANeT study explored the feasibility of low-dose pembrolizumab combined with chemotherapy. In the adjuvant setting, long-term follow-up of APHINITY and KATHERINE reinforced the roles of dual HER2 blockade and trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) in high-risk HER2-positive disease, while DESTINY-Breast05 demonstrated improved invasive disease-free survival with T-DXd in patients with residual disease after neoadjuvant therapy. In hormone receptor–positive breast cancer, the EBCTCG meta-analysis and the monarchE and NATALEE studies supported intensified endocrine therapy combined with CDK4/6 inhibitors in high-risk populations, whereas TAILORx and ASTER 70s refined chemotherapy decision-making by age and genetic risk. Regarding comprehensive patient management, the POSITIVE study showed that temporary interruption of endocrine therapy to achieve pregnancy under strict monitoring was feasible in selected young patients, and the EUROPA study compared single-modality radiotherapy and endocrine therapy in older low-risk patients from a health-related quality-of-life perspective. Overall, key studies in 2025 advanced precision local treatment, risk-adapted systemic therapy, and comprehensive patient management, with evidence increasingly translated into guideline recommendations for individualized early breast cancer care.关键词：Early breast cancer;Guidelines;Consensus;Clinical research42|6|0更新时间：2026-01-12
- 摘要：Precision treatment in breast cancer is transitioning from a phase of classification-based therapy based on molecular subtypes to a new era of biomarker-driven individualized management. This review systematically summarizes the current advances and future directions in this field. In the realm of HER2-positive breast cancer, antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) and small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) continue to advance therapeutic innovation. Despite their remarkable efficacy, he complex mechanisms of drug resistance remain a central challenge. Future progress is expected to hinge on novel ADCs, bispecific antibodies, and innovative combination strategies. For HR-positive/HER2-negative breast cancer, treatment has fully entered the “targeted-plus” era, with CDK4/6 inhibitors combined with endocrine therapy established as the first-line standard for advanced disease. To address resistance to CDK4/6 inhibitors, targeted options include inhibitors of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, novel oral selective estrogen receptor degraders (SERDs), as well as novel ADCs, offering diverse and precise therapeutic alternatives. Triple-negative breast cancer has moved beyond the “untargetable” dilemma, thanks to the successful introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and novel anti-HER2 and TROP-2 ADCs. Innovative combination strategies involving drugs with different mechanisms of action demonstrate the potential to surpass current therapeutic limitations, bringing new hope to patients. Precision medicine in breast cancer is evolving toward a more integrated paradigm that incorporates refined molecular subtyping, dynamic liquid biopsy monitoring, artificial intelligence-enhanced multi-omics analytics, digital health technologies, and chronic disease management frameworks. This convergence will facilitate the establishment of a holistic, highly individualized health management system. Through ongoing improvements in the accessibility of innovative therapeutics, the development of interoperable data platforms, and enhanced multidisciplinary collaboration—collectively accelerating the optimization and broader implementation of precision oncology in clinical practice.关键词：Breast cancer;Precision treatment;Molecular subtype;Combination therapy;Biomarker;Individualized treatment48|7|0更新时间：2026-01-12
- 摘要：Lung cancer is the malignancy with the highest incidence and mortality in China, and surgical resection remains a cornerstone of its treatment. In 2025, significant progress has been made in the field of lung cancer surgery. The ECTOP-1021 trial demonstrated the safety and feasibility of active surveillance for indolent multifocal ground-glass opacities within the "surgical curative window," proposing a risk-stratified management framework based on predicted pulmonary function loss. The phase III randomized ECTOP-1009 study provided high-level evidence for omitting mediastinal lymph node dissection in ground-glass opacity-dominant lung adenocarcinoma, marking a paradigm shift from "systematic dissection" to "selective omission." The 10-year follow-up results of the JCOG0802 trial showed that segmentectomy was not inferior to lobectomy, but the local recurrence rate was higher than lobectomy, emphasizing the importance of strict patient selection and adequate surgical margins. The ECTOP-1011 study, utilizing whole-mount pathological sections, revealed discrepancies between radiological and pathological findings, offering new insights for precise preoperative assessment. Furthermore, the establishment of a quantifiable "surgical curative window" model and the development of a site-specific follow-up strategy have advanced postoperative management toward personalization and precision. Multi-omics research has elucidated the molecular evolutionary trajectory of lung adenocarcinoma, providing a scientific basis for early intervention and prognosis prediction. This article reviews key advances in lung cancer surgery in 2025 to inform clinical practice and future research.关键词：Lung cancer;Ground-glass nodule;Lymph node dissection;Sublobar resection;Curative time window19|2|0更新时间：2026-01-12
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