中国癌症杂志 ›› 2024, Vol. 34 ›› Issue (8): 785-805.doi: 10.19401/j.cnki.1007-3639.2024.08.008
• 指南与共识 • 上一篇
中国抗癌协会肿瘤整体评估专业委员会, 福建省抗癌协会癌痛专业委员会
收稿日期:
2024-04-03
修回日期:
2024-08-02
出版日期:
2024-08-30
发布日期:
2024-09-10
作者简介:
苏丽玉(ORCID: 0009-0006-6890-5262),医师。Cancer Assessment Society of China Anti-Cancer Association, Cancer Pain Society of Fujian Anti-Cancer Association
Received:
2024-04-03
Revised:
2024-08-02
Published:
2024-08-30
Online:
2024-09-10
文章分享
摘要:
奥沙利铂是多种恶性肿瘤治疗的基石药物。超敏反应是奥沙利铂令人困扰的不良反应之一,可能危及患者生命,常迫使医师停用奥沙利铂,转寻其他替代方案,而这些替代方案可能效果更差、耐受性更低和(或)价格更昂贵。奥沙利铂超敏反应主要表现为经典的Ⅰ型过敏反应,另外还包含细胞因子释放反应及混合型。临床上最关注的是严重过敏反应的管理以及针对发生超敏反应后奥沙利铂再挑战的问题。因此,本专家组基于国内外循证医学证据,结合临床实践经验,对奥沙利铂超敏反应的定义、临床特征、诊断、分类与分级标准、处理以及再挑战进行充分的评估与讨论,最终形成《奥沙利铂超敏反应全程管理中国专家共识(2024年版)》,以便进一步规范对奥沙利铂超敏反应的全程管理。本共识已在国际实践指南注册与透明化平台(Practice guideline REgistration for transPAREncy,PREPARE)上注册,注册编号为 PREPARE-2024CN371。
中图分类号:
中国抗癌协会肿瘤整体评估专业委员会, 福建省抗癌协会癌痛专业委员会. 奥沙利铂超敏反应全程管理中国专家共识(2024年版)[J]. 中国癌症杂志, 2024, 34(8): 785-805.
Cancer Assessment Society of China Anti-Cancer Association, Cancer Pain Society of Fujian Anti-Cancer Association. Chinese expert consensus on whole-process management of oxaliplatin-induced hypersensitivity reactions (2024 edition)[J]. China Oncology, 2024, 34(8): 785-805.
表1
GRADE系统的证据质量及推荐强度分级"
证据质量分级及推荐强度分级 | 具体描述 | 研究类型 |
---|---|---|
证据质量分级 | ||
高 | 非常确信真实的效应值接近效应估计值 | ① 随机对照研究; ② 质量升高二级的观察性研究 |
中 | 对效应估计值有中等程度的信心:真实值有可能接近估计值,但 仍存在二者大不相同的可能性 | ① 质量降低一级的随机对照研究; ② 质量升高一级的观察性研究 |
低 | 对效应估计值的确信程度有限:真实值可能与估计值大不相同 | ① 质量降低二级的随机对照研究; ② 观察性研究 |
极低 | 对效应估计值几乎没有信心:真实值很可能与估计值大不相同 | ① 质量降低三级的随机对照研究; ② 质量降低一级的观察性研究; ③ 系列病例观察; ④ 个案报道 |
推荐强度分级 | ||
强推荐 | 遵从推荐时利大于弊 | |
弱推荐 | 遵从推荐时利弊不确定或利弊相当 |
表2
奥沙利铂速发型超敏反应临床表型和内表型[23]"
器官系统 | 症状 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
皮肤和黏膜 | 潮红/发热/红斑 | 瘙痒 | 荨麻疹 | 其他皮疹(斑丘疹、麻疹状等) | 血管性水肿 | ||
症状表型 | * | # | # | * | # | ||
呼吸系统 | 鼻塞 | 喷嚏 | 喘息 | 呼吸困难 | 咳嗽 | 血氧饱和度下降 | 胸部紧迫感 |
症状表型 | # | # | # | * | # | * | * |
呼吸消化道 | 喉头紧迫感 | 舌头肿胀 | |||||
症状表型 | # | # | |||||
心血管 | 心动过速 | 胸痛 | 晕厥先兆 | 晕厥 | 高血压 | 低血压 | |
症状表型 | * | & | * | * | * | * | |
胃肠道 | 恶心/呕吐 | 腹泻 | 腹痛 | 腹胀 | 反流 | ||
症状表型 | * | * | * | * | * | ||
神经肌肉 | 麻木/虚弱 | 背疼 | 头痛 | 寒战 | 癫痫发作 | 味觉异常 | 其他疼痛 |
症状表型 | * | & | & | & | * | * | & |
一般状况 | 出汗 | 畏冷 | 发烧 | ||||
症状表型 | * | & | & |
表8
奥沙利铂超敏反应全程管理所关注的临床问题和推荐意见总结表"
临床问题 | 推荐意见 | 推荐强度 |
---|---|---|
临床问题1:奥沙利铂超敏反应类型包含不同可能的机制,不同机制处理方法不一样,如果统一写成过敏反应(说明书黑框警告),可能为后续管理带来一些问题 | 当出现临床表现被怀疑是奥沙利铂超敏反应(包括速发型过敏反应)时,首选药物超敏反应作为规范用语 | 弱推荐 |
临床问题2:奥沙利铂超敏反应是否是常见的临床问题 | 随着抗肿瘤治疗疗效的提高,患者接触奥沙利铂的概率和周期数也随之增加,奥沙利铂超敏反应也越发常见,临床应重视识别奥沙利铂超敏反应的临床症状,及时合理干预 | 强推荐 |
临床问题3:奥沙利铂导致的严重过敏反应是危及生命的临床紧急情况,需要立即进行医疗干预,相关医疗人员能迅速做出诊断是至关重要的 | 根据2020年美国过敏、哮喘和免疫学学会、2020年世界变态反应组织(WAO)、2023年欧洲过敏与临床免疫学研究院关于严重过敏反应的定义与诊断标准进行严重过敏反应的判断 | 强推荐 |
临床问题4:临床推荐的奥沙利铂超敏反应分级标准是什么 | 专家共识推荐使用NCI-CTCAE 5.0版作为奥沙利铂严重程度分级评估标准 | 强推荐 |
临床问题5:是否存在明确的奥沙利铂超敏反应风险预测因素 | 目前的证据支持已经使用过多周期奥沙利铂、其他铂类药物暴露史或存在奥沙利铂间隔期与奥沙利铂超敏反应发生风险相关 | 强推荐 |
临床问题6:哪些体内外诊断测试和实验室检查有助于奥沙利铂超敏反应的诊断 | 专家组建议奥沙利铂皮试可以判断IgE介导的超敏反应,但应注意皮试阴性的患者不能完全排除用药后超敏反应的再次出现 | 强推荐 |
综合皮试风险和便利性,专家组建议先用5 mg/mL的奥沙利铂进行点刺试验。如果点刺试验阴性结果,再分别用0.5 mg/mL和5 mg/mL的奥沙利铂进行皮内试验。如果无条件进行点刺试验的医疗机构,可考虑直接进行皮内试验。每一次皮试间隔30 min | 弱推荐 | |
类胰蛋白酶升高代表肥大细胞和嗜碱性粒细胞参与了反应,IL-6代表CRR。专家组建议奥沙利铂超敏反应患者进行外周血类胰蛋白酶和IL-6检测,可以协助区分奥沙利铂超敏反应的不同内表型。奥沙利铂特异性IgE和嗜碱性粒细胞活化试验在奥沙利铂超敏反应中有一定临床价值,但还需要更多证据支持 | 弱推荐 | |
临床问题7:肾上腺素在奥沙利铂严重过敏反应期间的地位和用法 | 静脉注射肾上腺素是奥沙利铂严重过敏反应合理的优先给药途径,特别在病情凶险且已经存在静脉通路的患者中,但剂量和浓度上需要更加精准和个体化。病情相对温和的可更多考虑肌肉注射。通常不选择皮下注射。建议剂量为0.01 mg/kg,最大剂量为0.5 mg | 强推荐 |
如果症状没有改善或继续恶化,则每5~15 min重复1次。更推荐使用静脉泵入的方式。专家组推荐成人患者肾上腺素3~5 mg加入生理盐水配制成50 mL液体,以1~3 mL/h的流速起始(可根据患者具体情况定起始流速),根据血压进行调整流速,维持平均动脉压在 65 mmHg以上(高血压患者可适当提高) | 弱推荐 | |
临床问题8:奥沙利铂严重过敏反应期间吸氧的适应证 | 对于有呼吸窘迫,氧饱和度下降至≤92%的患者应提供高流量氧气(6~8 L/min,最好使用非重复呼吸面罩),以维持末梢血氧在93%~96% | 强推荐 |
临床问题9:奥沙利铂严重过敏反应期间建立静脉通路和补液的重要性 | 使用大口径针或导管(成人为14或16号),建立至少两条以上静脉通路。液体一般选择晶体液。可按20~30 mL/kg给予,或补液至意识基本正常、四肢末梢变暖、桡动脉搏动可触及后减慢补液速度。即使以呼吸道表现为主的严重过敏反应,需要第二次注射肾上腺素或进行肾上腺素泵入患者也可进行液体支持 | 强推荐 |
临床问题10:H1和H2抗组胺药在奥沙利铂严重过敏反应期间的作用 | 抗组胺药物宜放在后线使用 | 弱推荐 |
临床问题11:皮质类固醇药物在奥沙利铂严重过敏反应期间的作用 | 应慎重考虑皮质类固醇药物的使用 | 弱推荐 |
临床问题12:奥沙利铂严重过敏反应期间气管插管时机 | 对于有呼吸窘迫或氧饱和度下降患者,经吸氧、肾上腺素和激素使用后仍不能缓解,应果断行气管插管以保障通气。患者呕吐时应立即将头部转向一侧以防误吸,发生误吸应果断气管插管 | 强推荐 |
临床问题13:奥沙利铂严重过敏反应期间胸外按压时机 | 当患者血压测不出、颈动脉搏动微弱并出现心跳突然变慢等心跳即将停止的征象时应果断行胸外按压,不必等到患者心跳停止。保障患者不发生心跳骤停是抢救过敏性休克的重要底线,也是良好预后的保障 | 强推荐 |
临床问题14:发生奥沙利铂超敏反应的患者,是否可以再次使用奥沙利铂 | 如确因病情需要再次使用奥沙利铂,应谨慎评估利弊,在与患者和家属充分沟通取得同意后再次使用奥沙利铂 | 强推荐 |
奥沙利铂再使用问题主要是指速发型超敏反应(包括速发型过敏反应、类过敏反应和CRR)。对于奥沙利铂迟发型超敏反应(包括Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ型过敏反应)并不适合这类的处理模式 | 弱推荐 | |
奥沙利铂再使用通常根据超敏反应的严重程度进行分层管理。在发生超敏反应当天,如果1~2级超敏反应,患者可通过皮质类固醇和H1和H2抗组胺药来缓解症状。在超敏症状完全缓解后,可以同一天用原输注速率的1/2~1/4尝试恢复输注;如果3~4级超敏反应或严重过敏反应,一般当天不再使用奥沙利铂。在发生超敏反应后下一个周期,通常根据前一个周期的超敏反应严重程度,选择快速脱敏治疗、预处理(皮质类固醇和抗组胺药物)和延长输液时间形成不同的组合模式进行处理 | 弱推荐 | |
由于不同铂类药物之间存在交叉反应,无论是从其他铂类药物转为奥沙利铂,还是奥沙利铂转为其他铂类药物,都应慎重评估发生超敏反应的风险/效益比 | 弱推荐 | |
临床问题15:皮质类固醇和抗组胺药在奥沙利铂再使用中的应用 | 在既往没有使用过高剂量皮质类固醇作为预处理的1/2级超敏反应且皮试阴性的患者中,可以尝试高剂量地塞米松(≥20 mg)和H1和H2抗组胺药物 | 弱推荐 |
临床问题16:延长输注时间在奥沙利铂再使用中的应用 | 对于1/2级奥沙利铂超敏反应且皮试阴性的患者可考虑预处理给药结合延长输注时间(4~8 h)的处理方式。直接进入快速脱敏疗法也是合理的选择 | 弱推荐 |
临床问题17:奥沙利铂快速脱敏疗法在奥沙利铂再使用中的应用 | 发生奥沙利铂超敏反应患者(特别是3/4级、皮试阳性或严重过敏反应患者),可先给以皮质类固醇和抗组胺药预处理,然后进行快速脱敏疗法。如果患者之前超敏反应出现支气管痉挛,预处理药物还可以考虑阿司匹林和孟鲁司特 | 强推荐 |
2袋5步快速脱敏疗法更为简便、利于临床操作 | 弱推荐 | |
对于存在某些严重合并症会增加快速脱敏疗法风险的患者,例如未控制的哮喘(FEV1<正常值的70%)、血流动力学不稳定或未控制的心脏病的患者,通常不应进行奥沙利铂脱敏治疗。经历过严重过敏反应以及患有肝、肾或其他脏器严重疾病的患者,只有在仔细评估患者风险/效益比后才应考虑脱敏治疗。由于β受体阻滞剂和血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂可能使患者对肾上腺素无效,对于计划进行脱敏治疗的患者应尽量避免使用这些药物 | 弱推荐 | |
临床问题18:在奥沙利铂快速脱敏疗法中出现突破性反应的处理 | 发生突破性反应后应第一时间暂停快速脱敏治疗,再根据突破性反应的严重程度进行处理。80%的突破性反应症状可完全缓解并恢复输注,恢复输注的初始输注速率是暂停时输注速率的1/2,此后的速率按相应速率1/2进行;对于出现危及生命的突破性反应的患者,必须坚决停止脱敏治疗 | 弱推荐 |
既往3/4级奥沙利铂超敏反应;皮试阳性;正在接受β受体阻滞剂和(或)血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂治疗;患有肥大细胞增多症、囊性纤维化等呼吸道疾病和心脏病(如冠心病)被归类为突破性反应的高危患者 | 弱推荐 | |
临床问题19:在CRR患者中,奥沙利铂快速脱敏疗法的处理特点 | 对于CRR型或任一型患者以及既往多次接触奥沙利铂(>14次)的Ⅰ型患者,建议在皮质类固醇和抗组胺药物预处理的基础上添加非甾体抗炎药和静脉输液(在延长输注疗法时,额外补充液体 100 mL/h;或在快速脱敏治疗前3 h可以额外补充液体100 mL/h,剩余时间可以根据患者心肺功能考虑250 mL/h补液速度) | 弱推荐 |
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