中国癌症杂志 ›› 2022, Vol. 32 ›› Issue (6): 545-579.doi: 10.19401/j.cnki.1007-3639.2022.06.010
• 指南与共识 • 上一篇
中国抗癌协会神经内分泌肿瘤专业委员会
收稿日期:
2022-04-15
修回日期:
2022-05-10
出版日期:
2022-06-30
发布日期:
2022-07-21
Society of Neuroendocrine Neoplasm of China Anti-Cancer Association
Received:
2022-04-15
Revised:
2022-05-10
Published:
2022-06-30
Online:
2022-07-21
文章分享
摘要:
神经内分泌肿瘤(neuroendocrine neoplasm,NEN)是一类起源于肽能神经元和神经内分泌细胞,具有神经内分泌分化并表达神经内分泌标志物的少见肿瘤,可发生于全身各处,以肺及胃肠胰NEN(gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm, GEP-NEN)最常见。国内外研究数据均提示,NEN的发病率在不断上升。美国流行病学调查结果显示,与其他类型肿瘤相比,NEN的发病率上升趋势更为显著。中国抗癌协会神经内分泌肿瘤专委会在现有循证医学证据基础上,结合已有国内外指南和共识,制订了首版中国抗癌协会神经内分泌肿瘤诊治指南,为临床工作者提供参考。
中图分类号:
中国抗癌协会神经内分泌肿瘤专业委员会. 中国抗癌协会神经内分泌肿瘤诊治指南(2022年版)[J]. 中国癌症杂志, 2022, 32(6): 545-579.
Society of Neuroendocrine Neoplasm of China Anti-Cancer Association. China Anti-Cancer Association guideline for diagnosis and treatment of neuroendocrine neoplasm (2022 edition)[J]. China Oncology, 2022, 32(6): 545-579.
表 1
F-pNEN的临床分类与特征"
类型 | 发病率 (10-6/年) | 分泌激素 | 常见部位 | 转移比例/% | 主要症状 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
胰岛素瘤 | 1.00 ~ 32.00 | 胰岛素 | 胰腺 | 5 ~ 10 | 发作性低血糖症候群 |
胃泌素瘤 | 0.50 ~ 21.50 | 胃泌素 | 十二指肠、胰腺 | 50 ~ 60 | 卓-艾综合征 |
VIP 瘤 | 0.05 ~ 0.20 | VIP | 胰腺 | 40 ~ 80 | 水样泻、低钾血症、胃酸缺乏 |
胰高糖素瘤 | 0.01 ~ 0.10 | 胰高糖素 | 胰腺 | 50 ~ 80 | 坏死游走性红斑、贫血、葡萄糖不耐受、体重下降 |
生长抑素瘤 | 少见 | 生长抑素 | 胰腺、十二指肠、空肠 | 50 ~ 60 | 糖尿病、胆石症、 腹泻、胃酸缺乏 |
产生ACTH的神经内分泌瘤 | 少见 | ACTH | 胰腺、胸腺 | >90 | 库欣综合征 |
产生5-羟色胺的神经内分泌瘤 | 少见 | 5-羟色胺 | 小肠、肺、胰腺 | >60 | 类癌综合征 |
产生生长激素的神经内分泌瘤 | 少见 | 生长激素 | 胰腺、肺 | >60 | 肢端肥大症 |
表 5
AJCC胃肠胰NET的TNM分期"
分期 | TNM 定义 |
---|---|
T1 | 侵犯黏膜固有层或黏膜下层,且肿瘤直径≤1 cm(胃、十二指肠、空回肠);局限于Oddi氏括约肌,且肿瘤直径≤1 cm(壶腹部); 肿瘤最大径≤2 cm(阑尾); 侵犯黏膜固有层或黏膜下层,且肿瘤直径≤2 cm(结直肠);局限于胰腺内,且肿瘤直径<2 cm(胰腺) |
T2 | 侵犯固有肌层,或肿瘤直径>1 cm(胃、十二指肠、空回肠); 侵犯十二指肠固有肌层或黏膜下层,或肿瘤直径>1 cm(壶腹部); 2 cm<肿瘤直径≤4 cm(阑尾); 侵犯固有肌层,或侵犯黏膜固有层或黏膜下层,且肿瘤直径>2 cm(结直肠);局限于胰腺内,且肿瘤直径2 ~ 4 cm(胰腺) |
T3 | 穿透固有肌层至浆膜下层,未突破浆膜层(胃、空回肠、结直肠);侵犯胰腺或胰周脂肪组织(十二指肠、壶腹部); 肿瘤直径>4 cm,或侵犯浆膜下层,或侵犯阑尾系膜(阑尾); 局限于胰腺内,且肿瘤直径>4 cm;或侵犯十二指肠或胆管(胰腺) |
T4 | 侵犯脏层腹膜或其他器官或邻近组织(胃、空回肠、结直肠、阑尾);侵犯脏层腹膜或其他器官(十二指肠、壶腹部); 侵犯邻近器官,如胃、脾、结肠、肾上腺,或大血管壁(胰腺) |
N0 | 无区域淋巴结转移(所有部位) |
N1 | 区域淋巴结转移,数量不限(除空回肠外其他部位) |
区域淋巴结转移数量<12枚(空回肠) | |
N2 | 直径>2 cm的肠系膜根部肿物和/或广泛淋巴结转移(大于12枚),尤其是包绕肠系膜上血管的淋巴结(仅针对空回肠) |
M0 | 无远处转移(所有部位) |
M1 | 有远处转移(所有部位) |
表 7
AJCC肺NEN的TNM分期"
分期 | TNM 定义 |
---|---|
Tx | 原发肿瘤无法评估,或痰液或支气管灌洗液中存在恶性细胞,但支气管镜未观察到原发肿瘤 |
T0 | 没有原发肿瘤的证据 |
Tis | 原位癌 |
T1 | 肿瘤最大径≤3 cm,周围被肺或脏层胸膜包绕,支气管镜未发现肿瘤侵犯超过叶支气管近端(即主支气管未见肿瘤侵犯) |
T1a | 肿瘤最大径≤1 cm,周围被肺或脏层胸膜包绕,支气管镜未发现肿瘤侵犯超过叶支气管近端(即主支气管未见肿瘤侵犯) |
T1b | 肿瘤最大径>1 cm,≤2 cm |
T1c | 肿瘤最大径>2 cm,≤3 cm |
T2 | 肿瘤最大直径>3 cm,≤5 cm或有以下任一特征: |
累及主支气管,无论距离气管隆嵴多远,但不包括气管隆嵴侵犯脏层胸膜(PL1或PL2) 合并肺不张或阻塞性肺炎,延伸至肺门,累及部分或全肺。具有以上特征的T2肿瘤,若直 径≤4 cm或直径无法测量,归类于T2a;直径>4 cm,≤5 cm,则归类于T2b | |
T2a | 肿瘤最大径>3 cm,≤4 cm |
T2b | 肿瘤最大径>4 cm,≤5 cm |
T3 | 肿瘤最大径>5 cm,≤7 cm,或直接侵犯以下部位:壁层胸膜(PL3),胸壁(包括肺上沟),膈神经,心包壁层,或与原发灶同一叶内的单个或多个分散的瘤结节 |
T4 | 肿瘤>7 cm,或任何大小的肿瘤侵犯下列任一结构:横膈膜,纵隔,心脏,大血管,气管,喉返神经,食管,椎体,气管隆嵴,或与原发灶同侧但不同肺叶的单个或多个分散的瘤结节 |
Nx | 区域淋巴结无法评估 |
N0 | 无区域淋巴结转移 |
N1 | 转移至同侧支气管周围和/或同侧肺门淋巴结,包括直接侵犯 |
N2 | 转移至同侧纵隔和/或锁骨下淋巴结 |
N3 | 转移至对侧纵隔,对侧肺门,同侧或对侧斜角肌或锁骨上淋巴结 |
M0 | 无远处转移 |
M1 | 有远处转移 |
M1a | 对侧肺叶出现散在的肿瘤结节;出现胸膜结节、心包结节、恶性胸腔或心包积液。大部分胸腔(心包)积液是肿瘤引起的。但在少数患者中,胸腔(心包) 积液多次显微镜检查, 肿瘤细胞均是阴性,且积液是非血性、非渗出液。综合考虑这些因素和临床判断确定积液与肿瘤无关时,积液应不作为分期参考因素 |
M1b | 单个器官内单一胸外转移(包括单个非区域性结节的累及) |
M1c | 单个器官或多个器官发生多个胸外转移 |
表 8
AJCC肺NEN分期"
分期 | T | N | M | 分期 | T | N | M | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
隐匿性癌 | Tx | N0 | M0 | ⅢB | T2a | N3 | M0 | |
0 | Tis | N0 | M0 | ⅡA | T2b | N0 | M0 | |
ⅠA1 | T1a | N0 | M0 | ⅡB | T2b | N1 | M0 | |
ⅡB | T1a | N1 | M0 | ⅢA | T2b | N2 | M0 | |
ⅢA | T1a | N2 | M0 | ⅢB | T2b | N3 | M0 | |
ⅢB | T1a | N3 | M0 | ⅡB | T3 | N0 | M0 | |
ⅠA2 | T1b | N0 | M0 | ⅢA | T3 | N1 | M0 | |
ⅡB | T1b | N1 | M0 | ⅢB | T3 | N2 | M0 | |
ⅢA | T1b | N2 | M0 | ⅢC | T3 | N3 | M0 | |
ⅢB | T1b | N3 | M0 | ⅢA | T4 | N0 | M0 | |
ⅠA3 | T1c | N0 | M0 | ⅢA | T4 | N1 | M0 | |
ⅡB | T1c | N1 | M0 | ⅢB | T4 | N2 | M0 | |
ⅢA | T1c | N2 | M0 | ⅢC | T4 | N3 | M0 | |
ⅢB | T1c | N3 | M0 | ⅣA | 任何T | 任何N | M1a | |
ⅠB | T2a | N0 | M0 | ⅣA | 任何T | 任何N | M1b | |
ⅡB | T2a | N1 | M0 | ⅣB | 任何T | 任何N | M1c | |
ⅢA | T2a | N2 | M0 |
表 9
AJCC胸腺NEN的TNM分期"
分期 | TNM 定义 | 分期 | TNM 定义 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Tx | 原发肿瘤无法评估 | M1b | 肺实质结节或远处转移 | |
T0 | 没有原发肿瘤的证据 | Nx | 区域淋巴结无法评估 | |
T1 | 肿瘤包绕或延伸至纵隔脂肪,可累及纵隔胸膜 | N0 | 无区域淋巴结转移 | |
T1a | 无纵隔胸膜受累 | N1 | 前(胸腺周围)淋巴结转移 | |
T1b | 纵隔胸膜受累 | N2 | 胸内或颈深淋巴结转移 | |
T2 | 肿瘤直接侵犯心包(部分或全层) | M0 | 无胸膜,心包或远处转移 | |
T3 | 肿瘤直接侵犯以下任何部位:肺、头臂静脉、上腔静脉、膈神经、胸壁或心包外肺动、静脉 | M1 | 胸膜、心包或远处转移 | |
T4 | 肿瘤侵犯以下任何部位:主动脉(升主动脉,主动脉弓或降主动脉),弓血管,心包内肺动脉、心肌、气管、食管 | M1a | 单个胸膜或心包结节 | |
M1a | 单个胸膜或心包结节 | M1b | 肺实质结节或远处转移 |
表 11
2019 WHO g-NET分型及其临床病理学特征"
特征 | 1型ECL细胞NET | 2型ECL细胞NET | 3型NET |
---|---|---|---|
男性∶女性 | 0.4∶1.0 | 1.0∶1.0 | 2.8∶1.0 |
所占比例 | 80% ~ 90% | 5% ~ 7% | 10% ~ 15% |
高胃泌素血症 | 是 | 是 | 否 |
胃窦G细胞增生 | 是 | 否 | 否 |
胃酸分泌 | 低胃酸/胃酸缺乏 | 高胃酸 | 正常 |
背景黏膜 | 萎缩性胃炎 | 壁细胞肥大/增生 | 无特异改变 |
ECL细胞增生 | 是 | 是 | 否 |
病理学分级 | G1 | G1 | G1(罕见) |
G2(罕见) | G2(罕见) | G2 | |
G3(个别) | G3(罕见) | ||
临床分期 | Ⅰ ~ Ⅱ:95% | Ⅰ ~ Ⅱ:70% | Ⅰ ~ Ⅱ:38% |
Ⅲ:4% | Ⅲ:20% | Ⅲ:32% | |
Ⅳ:1% | Ⅳ:10% | Ⅳ:30% | |
转移率 | 1% ~ 3% | 10% ~ 30% | 50% |
5年生存率 | ~ 100% | 60% ~ 90% | <50% |
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