“Patient derived organoids (PDOs) serve as in vitro 3D models that highly simulate tumor characteristics, providing an ideal platform for understanding tumor drug resistance mechanisms, disease occurrence and development, and discovering new drug targets. In the era of precision medicine, PDO has shown significant potential, breaking through traditional diagnosis and treatment models and developing personalized treatment plans based on individual differences. With the development of technology, the integration of PDO with single-cell sequencing and other technologies has expanded its application breadth, opening up a new chapter for personalized cancer treatment and new drug research and development.”