| Multi-kinase Inhibitor | Regorafenib | Inhibits VEGFR1-3, TIE-2, RET, KIT, etc., blocking angiogenesis and tumor microenvironment remodeling | CORRECT trial (2013, NCT01103323)[5] | Phase Ⅲ randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial |
| Antivascular drug | TAS-102 | Trifluraldehyde is incorporated into DNA to cause chain termination, and Tipiracil inhibits thymidine phosphorylase to prolong drug exposure | RECOURSE trial (2015, NCT01607957)[6] | Phase Ⅲ randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial |
| Anti-angiogenic drug | fruquintinib | Highly selectively inhibits VEGFR1-3 to reduce off-target toxicity | FRESCO trial (2018, NCT02314819)[7] | Phase Ⅲ randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial |
| | | FRESCO-2 trial (2023, NCT04322539)[8] | Phase Ⅲ randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial |
| Drug category | Drug name | Intervention (number of patients) | Median overall survival/month | Median progression-free survival/month | Grade ≥3 adverse events/% |
| Multi-kinase Inhibitor | Regorafenib | Regorafenib (n=505) vs placebo (n=255) | 6.4 vs 5.0; HR=0.77, 95% CI: 0.64-0.94; P=0.005 2 | 1.9 vs 1.7; HR=0.49, 95% CI: 0.42-0.58; P<0.000 1 | 54% vs 14%, including hand-foot syndrome (17%), fatigue (9%), diarrhea (7%), and hypertension (7%) in the Regorafenib group |
| Antivascular drug | TAS-102 | TAS-102 (n=534) vs placebo (n=266) | 7.1 vs 5.3; HR=0.68, 95% CI: 0.58-0.81; P<0.001 | 2.0 vs 1.7; HR=0.48, 95% CI: 0.41-0.57; P<0.001 | 69% vs 52%, including neutropenia (38%), leukopenia (21%), and anemia (18%) in the TAS-102 group |
| Anti-angiogenic drug | fruquintinib | fruquintinib (n=278) vs placebo (n=138) | 9.3 vs 6.6; HR=0.65, 95% CI: 0.51-0.83; P<0.001 | 3.7 vs 1.8; HR=0.26, 95% CI: 0.21-0.34; P<0.001 | 61.2% vs 19.7%, including hypertension (21.2%), hand-foot skin reaction (10.8%), proteinuria (3.2%), and diarrhea (2.9%) in the fruquintinib group |
| | fruquintinib (n=461) vs placebo (n=230) | 7.4 vs 4.8; HR=0.66, 95% CI: 0.67-0.82; P<0.000 1 | 3.7 vs 1.8; HR=0.32, 95% CI: 0.27-0.39; P<0.000 1 | 63% vs 50%, including hypertension (14%), asthenia (8%), and hand-foot syndrome (6%) in the fruquintinib group |