Current status and treatment direction of the immune microenvironment of castration-resistant prostate cancer

Wenbo YANG; Bin ZHANG; Jiahui WU; Jie CUI

doi:10.19401/j.cnki.1007-3639.2023.10.007

您当前的位置：

首页 >

文章列表页 >

Current status and treatment direction of the immune microenvironment of castration-resistant prostate cancer

Review | 更新时间：2025-12-31

- Current status and treatment direction of the immune microenvironment of castration-resistant prostate cancer
- China Oncology Vol. 33, Issue 10, Pages: 945-953(2023)
- 作者机构：
  
  1. 西安医学院，陕西西安 710021
  2. 西安医学院第一附属医院全科医学科，陕西西安 710077
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.19401/j.cnki.1007-3639.2023.10.007
  CLC： R737.25
- Received：23 June 2023，
  
  Revised：2023-09-12，
  
  Published：30 October 2023
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
Wenbo YANG, Bin ZHANG, Jiahui WU, et al. Current status and treatment direction of the immune microenvironment of castration-resistant prostate cancer[J]. China Oncology, 2023, 33(10): 945-953.
DOI：

Wenbo YANG, Bin ZHANG, Jiahui WU, et al. Current status and treatment direction of the immune microenvironment of castration-resistant prostate cancer[J]. China Oncology, 2023, 33(10): 945-953. DOI： 10.19401/j.cnki.1007-3639.2023.10.007.

摘要

随着肿瘤免疫学的快速发展，越来越多的研究关注肿瘤微环境中的免疫细胞和信号分子的作用。前列腺癌是全球男性发病率第二的恶性肿瘤。随着我国人口老龄化和筛查率的提高，前列腺癌发病率不断上升。雄激素剥夺治疗（androgen deprivation therapy，ADT）是晚期前列腺癌的主要治疗手段。然而，大多数患者在接受ADT治疗后最终都会进展为去势抵抗性前列腺癌（castration-resistant prostate cancer，CRPC）。CRPC患者的中位生存期一直低于2年，近年来出现了一些新的治疗方法，患者生存率有所提高，但总体预后仍然较差。肿瘤免疫治疗通过激发或重建机体的免疫系统，从而控制和杀伤肿瘤细胞。近年来，免疫治疗进入临床研究并快速发展，展现出强大的治疗潜力，成为继手术、放疗、化疗、靶向治疗后的另一种有效的肿瘤治疗手段。然而，免疫治疗对CRPC患者收效甚微。因此，CRPC的肿瘤免疫微环境（tumor immune microenvironment，TIME）备受众多学者的关注。既往的研究认为，CRPC的免疫浸润一般较少，拥有相对较高的免疫抑制性肿瘤微环境，如T淋巴细胞浸润和活性都比较低，且高表达各种免疫抑制因子，如细胞毒性T淋巴细胞相关抗原4（cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4，CTLA-4）、程序性死亡[蛋白]-1（programmed death-1，PD-1）/程序性死亡[蛋白]配体-1（programmed death ligand-1，PD-L1）等，被认为是免疫学上的“冷”肿瘤。除了自身的免疫抑制机制，CRPC还有着复杂的免疫逃逸机制，如抑制免疫细胞活性，或选择性地表达低免疫原性抗原，从而躲避免疫系统识别。由于CRPC特殊的免疫抑制性肿瘤微环境，单独采取免疫治疗的效果往往不理想，筛选适合的免疫治疗方案成为了提高CRPC患者治疗效果的关键。本文总结了CRPC患者TIME中免疫细胞的作用机制，以及免疫检查点抑制剂联合ADT治疗、化疗、Sipuleucel-T肿瘤疫苗、嵌合抗原受体-T（chimeric antigen receptor-T，CAR-T）细胞治疗、溶瘤病毒治疗，或者免疫检查点抑制剂联合趋化因子受体拮抗剂、酪氨酸激酶抑制剂、多腺苷二磷酸核糖聚合酶[poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase，PARP]抑制剂等治疗方法中免疫细胞及各种细胞因子的相互作用关系。总之，CRPC的TIME非常复杂，免疫治疗仍然面临着许多挑战。但随着技术和研究的进步，一些新的免疫治疗方案正在研究中，相信未来肿瘤免疫治疗会给CRPC患者带来更佳的治疗效果。

Abstract

With the rapid development of cancer immunology

more and more research focuses on the role of immune cells and signaling molecules in the tumor microenvironment. Prostate cancer is the second most common malignant tumor in men globally. With the increase in our population ages and screening rates

the incidence of prostate cancer in China is increasing. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is a primary treatment for late-stage prostate cancer. However

most patients eventually progress to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) after ADT treatment. The median survival of CRPC patients has been less than two years. Although new treatment methods have emerged in recent years

and patient survival has improved

however

the overall prognosis still remains poor. Tumor immunotherapy works by stimulating or rebuilding the body's immune system to control and kill tumor cells. In recent years

immunotherapy has entered clinical research and rapidly developed into an effective tumor-treatment approach following surgery

radiotherapy

chemotherapy and targeted therapy. However

the effect of immunotherapy on CRPC patients is usually very poor. Therefore

the tumor microenvironment of CRPC has attracted many scholars' attention. Previous studies have suggested that CRPC generally has less immune infiltration

a relatively high immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment

such as low infiltration and activity of T cells

and high expressions of various immunosuppressive factors

such as cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4)

programmed death-1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1)

etc.

which is considered as an immune "cold" tumor. In addition to its own immune-inhibitory mechanisms

CRPC has complex immune evasion mechanisms that suppress immune cell activity or selectively express low immunogenic antigen to evade immune system recognition. Due to the particular immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment of CRPC

the effect of immunotherapy alone is often unsatisfactory. Therefore

the selection of appropriate immunotherapy strategies has become the key to improving the treatment effect of CRPC patients. This review summarized the mechanisms underlying immune cells in the immune microenvironment of CRPC tumors and their interactions with various cytokines in the context of immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy combined with ADT

chemotherapy

Sipuleucel-T tumor vaccines

chimeric antigen receptor-T (CAR-T) cell therapy

oncolytic virus therapy

or in combination with chemokine receptor antagonists

tyrosine kinase inhibitors

poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors and other treatments. In conclusion

the tumor immune microenvironment of CRPC is highly complex

and immunotherapy still faces many challenges. However

with the progress of technological advancements and research

some new immunotherapy options are being studied

and it is believed that tumor immunotherapy will bring better therapeutic effects to patients with CRPC in the future.

关键词

Keywords

references

SUNG H , FERLAY J , SIEGEL R L , et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries [J ] . CA Cancer J Clin , 2021 , 71 ( 3 ): 209 - 249 . DOI: 10.3322/caac.v71.3 http://doi.org/10.3322/caac.v71.3 https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/15424863/71/3 https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/15424863/71/3

CHOWDHURY S , BJARTELL A , LUMEN N , et al. Real-world outcomes in first-line treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: the prostate cancer registry [J ] . Target Oncol , 2020 , 15 ( 3 ): 301 - 315 . DOI: 10.1007/s11523-020-00720-2 http://doi.org/10.1007/s11523-020-00720-2

TURCO F , GILLESSEN S , CATHOMAS R , et al. Treatment landscape for patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer: patient selection and unmet clinical needs [J ] . Res Rep Urol , 2022 , 14 : 339 - 350 . DOI: 10.2147/RRU.S360444 http://doi.org/10.2147/RRU.S360444

王晨晨 , 杜朝 , 郭学玲 , 等 . 基于肿瘤相关巨噬细胞为靶点的纳米载药体系在癌症治疗中的研究进展 [J ] . 肿瘤防治研究 , 2021 , 48 ( 3 ): 307 - 313 .

WANG C C , DU C , GUO X L , et al. Research progress of nano-drug delivery system targeting tumor-associated macrophage in cancer treatment [J ] . Cancer Res Prev Treat , 2021 , 48 ( 3 ): 307 - 313 .

XIANG X , WANG J , LU D , et al. Targeting tumor-associated macrophages to synergize tumor immunotherapy [J/OL ] . Signal Transduct Targeted Ther , 2021 , 6 ( 1 ): 75 .

HAN C L , DENG Y X , XU W C , et al. The roles of tumor-associated macrophages in prostate cancer [J ] . J Oncol , 2022 , 2022 : 1 - 20 .

GUAN W , LI F , ZHAO Z , et al. Tumor-associated macrophage promotes the survival of cancer cells upon docetaxel chemotherapy via the CSF1/CSF1R-CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in castration-resistant prostate cancer [J ] . Genes (Basel) , 2021 , 12 ( 5 ): 773 . DOI: 10.3390/genes12050773 http://doi.org/10.3390/genes12050773 https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/12/5/773 https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/12/5/773

WU T Q , WANG W F , SHI G H , et al. Targeting HIC1/TGF-β axis-shaped prostate cancer microenvironment restrains its progression [J ] . Cell Death Dis , 2022 , 13 ( 7 ): 624 . DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05086-z http://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-022-05086-z

HANLING , WANG . Antiandrogen treatment induces stromal cell reprogramming to promote castration resistance in prostate cancer [J ] . Cancer Cell , 2023 , 41 ( 7 ): 1345 - 1362 .e9. DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2023.05.016 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2023.05.016 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1535610823001836 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1535610823001836

EIRO N , FERNÁNDEZ-GÓMEZ J M , GONZALEZ-RUIZ DE LEÓN C , et al. Gene expression profile of stromal factors in cancer-associated fibroblasts from prostate cancer [J ] . Diagnostics , 2022 , 12 ( 7 ): 1605 . DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12071605 http://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12071605 https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/12/7/1605 https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/12/7/1605

ZHANG Z D , KARTHAUS W R , LEE Y S , et al. Tumor microenvironment-derived NRG 1 promotes antiandrogen resistance in prostate cancer [J ] . Cancer Cell , 2020 , 38 ( 2 ): 279 - 296 .e9. DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2020.06.005 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccell.2020.06.005 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1535610820303093 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1535610820303093

SANAEI M J , SALIMZADEH L , BAGHERI N . Crosstalk between myeloid-derived suppressor cells and the immune system in prostate cancer [J ] . J Leukoc Biol , 2020 , 107 ( 1 ): 43 - 56 . DOI: 10.1002/JLB.4RU0819-150RR http://doi.org/10.1002/JLB.4RU0819-150RR https://academic.oup.com/jleukbio/article/107/1/43/6884283 https://academic.oup.com/jleukbio/article/107/1/43/6884283

CALCINOTTO A , SPATARO C , ZAGATO E , et al. IL-23 secreted by myeloid cells drives castration-resistant prostate cancer [J ] . Nature , 2018 , 559 ( 7714 ): 363 - 369 . DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0266-0 http://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0266-0

FAN L , XU G , CAO J , et al. Type Ⅰ interferon promotes antitumor T cell response in CRPC by regulating MDSC [J ] . Cancers (Basel) , 2021 , 13 ( 21 ): 5574 . DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215574 http://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13215574 https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/21/5574 https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/13/21/5574

PAL S , MOREIRA D , WON H , et al. Reduced T-cell numbers and elevated levels of immunomodulatory cytokines in metastatic prostate cancer patients de novo resistant to abiraterone and/or enzalutamide therapy [J ] . Int J Mol Sci , 2019 , 20 ( 8 ): 1831 . DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081831 http://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20081831 https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/20/8/1831 https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/20/8/1831

GOTTHARDT D , TRIFINOPOULOS J , SEXL V , et al. JAK/STAT cytokine signaling at the crossroad of NK cell development and maturation [J ] . Front Immunol , 2019 , 10 : 2590 . DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02590 http://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.02590

XIN P , XU X Y , DENG C J , et al. The role of JAK/STAT signaling pathway and its inhibitors in diseases [J ] . Int Immunopharmacol , 2020 , 80 : 106210 . DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106210 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106210 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1567576919324178 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1567576919324178

彭广 . 肿瘤与肿瘤微环境间调控环路促进前列腺癌抗雄治疗耐药和骨转移的机制研究 [D ] . 上海 : 中国人民解放军海军军医大学 . 2021 .

PENG G . Mechanism of the regulatory loop between tumors and tumor microenvironment promoting resistance to androgenic therapy and bone metastasis in prostate cancer [D ] . Shanghai : Naval Medical University of the People's Liberation Army of China . 2021 .

龙星博 . 雄激素剥夺治疗对前列腺癌免疫微环境的影响以及相关机制的研宄 [D ] . 北京协和医学院 . 2022 .

LONG X B . Research on the effects and related mechanisms of androgen deprivation therapy on the immune microenvironment of prostate cancer [D ] . Beijing Union Medical College . 2022 .

PENG G , WANG C , WANG H R , et al. Gankyrin-mediated interaction between cancer cells and tumor-associated macrophages facilitates prostate cancer progression and androgen deprivation therapy resistance [J ] . Oncoimmunology , 2023 , 12 ( 1 ): 2173422 . DOI: 10.1080/2162402X.2023.2173422 http://doi.org/10.1080/2162402X.2023.2173422 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/2162402X.2023.2173422 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/2162402X.2023.2173422

ZHONG S W , HUANG C H , CHEN Z K , et al. Targeting inflammatory signaling in prostate cancer castration resistance [J ] . J Clin Med , 2021 , 10 ( 21 ): 5000 . DOI: 10.3390/jcm10215000 http://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10215000 https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/21/5000 https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/21/5000

XU P , YANG J C , CHEN B , et al. Androgen receptor blockade resistance with enzalutamide in prostate cancer results in immunosuppressive alterations in the tumor immune microenvironment [J ] . J Immunother Cancer , 2023 , 11 ( 5 ): e006581 . DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-006581 http://doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2022-006581 https://jitc.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/jitc-2022-006581 https://jitc.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/jitc-2022-006581

GUAN X N , POLESSO F , WANG C J , et al. Androgen receptor activity in T cells limits checkpoint blockade efficacy [J ] . Nature , 2022 , 606 ( 7915 ): 791 - 796 . DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04522-6 http://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04522-6

RUIZ DE PORRAS V , PARDO J C , NOTARIO L , et al. Immune checkpoint inhibitors: a promising treatment option for metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer? [J ] . Int J Mol Sci , 2021 , 22 ( 9 ): 4712 . DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094712 http://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094712 https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/9/4712 https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/9/4712

TANG M , GAO S , ZHANG L , et al. Docetaxel suppresses immunotherapy efficacy of natural killer cells toward castration-resistant prostate cancer cells via altering androgen receptor-lectin-like transcript 1 signals [J ] . Prostate , 2020 , 80 ( 10 ): 742 - 752 . DOI: 10.1002/pros.23988 http://doi.org/10.1002/pros.23988

王增增 , 徐勇 . 125 I粒子植入放疗对前列腺癌免疫微环境影响的初步分析 [J ] . 临床泌尿外科杂志 , 2022 , 37 ( 4 ): 261 - 267 .

WANG Z Z , XU Y . Effect of iodine-125 brachytherapy in prostate cancer on immune microenvironment [J ] . J Clin Urol , 2022 , 37 ( 4 ): 261 - 267 .

WU C T , CHEN W C , CHEN M F . The response of prostate cancer to androgen deprivation and irradiation due to immune modulation [J ] . Cancers (Basel) , 2018 , 11 ( 1 ): E20 .

HERRERA F G , RONET C , DE OLZA M O , et al. Low-dose radiotherapy reverses tumor immune desertification and resistance to immunotherapy [J ] . Cancer Discov , 2022 , 12 ( 1 ): 108 - 133 . DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-21-0003 http://doi.org/10.1158/2159-8290.CD-21-0003 https://aacrjournals.org/cancerdiscovery/article/12/1/108/675629/Low-Dose-Radiotherapy-Reverses-Tumor-Immune https://aacrjournals.org/cancerdiscovery/article/12/1/108/675629/Low-Dose-Radiotherapy-Reverses-Tumor-Immune

JIAO S P , SUBUDHI S K , APARICIO A , et al. Differences in tumor microenvironment dictate T helper lineage polarization and response to immune checkpoint therapy [J ] . Cell , 2019 , 179 ( 5 ): 1177 - 1190 .e13. DOI: S0092-8674(19)31179-1 http://doi.org/S0092-8674(19)31179-1

HANSEN A R , MASSARD C , OTT P A , et al. Pembrolizumab for advanced prostate adenocarcinoma: findings of the KEYNOTE-028 study [J ] . Ann Oncol , 2018 , 29 ( 8 ): 1807 - 1813 . DOI: S0923-7534(19)34146-8 http://doi.org/S0923-7534(19)34146-8

ANTONARAKIS E S , PIULATS J M , GROSS-GOUPIL M , et al. Pembrolizumab for treatment-refractory metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: multicohort, open-label phase Ⅱ KEYNOTE-199 study [J ] . J Clin Oncol , 2020 , 38 ( 5 ): 395 - 405 .

ZHANG W , SHI X , CHEN R , et al. Novel long non-coding RNA lncAMPC promotes metastasis and immunosuppression in prostate cancer by stimulating LIF/LIFR expression [J ] . Mol Ther , 2020 , 28 ( 11 ): 2473 - 2487 . DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.06.013 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.06.013

RINCHAI D , VERZONI E , HUBER V , et al. Integrated transcriptional-phenotypic analysis captures systemic immunomodulation following antiangiogenic therapy in renal cell carcinoma patients [J ] . Clin Transl Med , 2021 , 11 ( 6 ): e434 . DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.434 http://doi.org/10.1002/ctm2.434

AGARWAL N , AZAD A , CARLES J , et al. A phase Ⅲ, randomized, open-label study (CONTACT-02) of cabozantinib plus atezolizumab versus second novel hormone therapy in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer [J ] . Future Oncol , 2022 , 18 ( 10 ): 1185 - 1198 . DOI: 10.2217/fon-2021-1096 http://doi.org/10.2217/fon-2021-1096 https://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/10.2217/fon-2021-1096 https://www.futuremedicine.com/doi/10.2217/fon-2021-1096

BEER T M , KWON E D , DRAKE C G , et al. Randomized, double-blind, phase Ⅲ trial of ipilimumab versus placebo in asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic patients with metastatic chemotherapy-naive castration-resistant prostate cancer [J ] . J Clin Oncol , 2017 , 35 ( 1 ): 40 - 47 .

FIZAZI K , DRAKE C G , BEER T M , et al. Final analysis of the ipilimumab versus placebo following radiotherapy phase Ⅲ trial in postdocetaxel metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer identifies an excess of long-term survivors [J ] . Eur Urol , 2020 , 78 ( 6 ): 822 - 830 . DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2020.07.032 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2020.07.032 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0302283820306047 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0302283820306047

GAO J J , WARD J F , PETTAWAY C A , et al. VISTA is an inhibitory immune checkpoint that is increased after ipilimumab therapy in patients with prostate cancer [J ] . Nat Med , 2017 , 23 ( 5 ): 551 - 555 . DOI: 10.1038/nm.4308 http://doi.org/10.1038/nm.4308

SUBUDHI S K , SIDDIQUI B A , APARICIO A M , et al. Combined CTLA-4 and PD-L1 blockade in patients with chemotherapy-naïve metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer is associated with increased myeloid and neutrophil immune subsets in the bone microenvironment [J ] . J Immunother Cancer , 2021 , 9 ( 10 ): e002919 . DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002919 http://doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2021-002919 https://jitc.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/jitc-2021-002919 https://jitc.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/jitc-2021-002919

AHERN E , HARJUNPÄÄ H , O'DONNELL J S , et al. RANKL blockade improves efficacy of PD1-PD-L1 blockade or dual PD1-PD-L1 and CTLA4 blockade in mouse models of cancer [J ] . Oncoimmunology , 2018 , 7 ( 6 ): e1431088 . DOI: 10.1080/2162402X.2018.1431088 http://doi.org/10.1080/2162402X.2018.1431088 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/2162402X.2018.1431088 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/2162402X.2018.1431088

吕金星 . 转移性去势抵抗性前列腺癌患者醋酸阿比特龙初始治疗耐药预测因素分析 [D ] . 福州 : 福建医科大学 .

LÜ J X . Analysis of predictive factors for initial treatment resistance of patients with metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer to abiolone acetate [D ] . Fuzhou : Fujian Medical University .

ANTONARAKIS E S , SMALL E J , PETRYLAK D P , et al. Antigen-specific CD8 lytic phenotype induced by sipuleucel-T in hormone-sensitive or castration-resistant prostate cancer and association with overall survival [J ] . Clin Cancer Res , 2018 , 24 ( 19 ): 4662 - 4671 . DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-18-0638 http://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-18-0638

MOLLICA V , MARCHETTI A , ROSELLINI M , et al. An insight on novel molecular pathways in metastatic prostate cancer: a focus on DDR, MSI and AKT [J ] . Int J Mol Sci , 2021 , 22 ( 24 ): 13519 . DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413519 http://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222413519 https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/24/13519 https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/24/13519

PACHYNSKI R K , MORISHIMA C , SZMULEWITZ R , et al. IL-7 expands lymphocyte populations and enhances immune responses to sipuleucel-T in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) [J ] . J Immunother Cancer , 2021 , 9 ( 8 ): e002903 . DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-002903 http://doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2021-002903 https://jitc.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/jitc-2021-002903 https://jitc.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/jitc-2021-002903

HOLSTEIN S A , LUNNING M A . CAR T-cell therapy in hematologic malignancies: a voyage in progress [J ] . Clin Pharmacol Ther , 2020 , 107 ( 1 ): 112 - 122 . DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1674 http://doi.org/10.1002/cpt.1674

JIANG Y , WEN W H , YANG F , et al. Prospect of prostate cancer treatment: armed CAR-T or combination therapy [J ] . Cancers , 2022 , 14 ( 4 ): 967 . DOI: 10.3390/cancers14040967 http://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14040967 https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/14/4/967 https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6694/14/4/967

WU L Y , LIU F , YIN L , et al. The establishment of polypeptide PSMA-targeted chimeric antigen receptor-engineered natural killer cells for castration-resistant prostate cancer and the induction of ferroptosis-related cell death [J ] . Cancer Commun (Lond) , 2022 , 42 ( 8 ): 768 - 783 .

WANG F , WU L , YIN L , et al. Combined treatment with anti-PSMA CAR NK-92 cell and anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody enhances the antitumour efficacy against castration-resistant prostate cancer [J ] . Clin Transl Med , 2022 , 12 ( 6 ): e901 . DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.901 http://doi.org/10.1002/ctm2.901

WANG G , LIU Y , LIU S , et al. Oncolyic viro therapy for prostate cancer: lighting a fire in winter [J ] . Int J Mol Sci , 2022 , 23 ( 20 ): 12647 . DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012647 http://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232012647 https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/20/12647 https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/23/20/12647

中国临床肿瘤学会免疫治疗专家委员会 , 上海市抗癌协会肿瘤生物治疗专业委员会 . 基因重组溶瘤腺病毒治疗恶性肿瘤临床应用中国专家共识(2022年版) [J ] . 中国癌症杂志 , 2023 , 33 ( 5 ): 527 - 548 . DOI: 10.19401/j.cnki.1007-3639.2023.05.013 http://doi.org/10.19401/j.cnki.1007-3639.2023.05.013

Expert Committee on Immunotherapy of Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology, Professional Committee on Cancer Biotherapy of Shanghai Anticancer Association . Chinese expert consensus on clinical application of recombinant oncolytic adenovirus in the treatment of malignant tumors [J ] . China Oncol , 2023 , 33 ( 5 ): 527 - 548 .

DARIANE C , TIMSIT M O . DNA-damage-repair gene alterations in genitourinary malignancies [J ] . Eur Surg Res , 2023 , 63 ( 4 ): 155 - 164 . DOI: 10.1159/000526415 http://doi.org/10.1159/000526415 https://karger.com/doi/10.1159/000526415 https://karger.com/doi/10.1159/000526415

YU E Y , PIULATS J M , GRAVIS G , et al. Pembrolizumab plus olaparib in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: long-term results from the phase 1b/2 KEYNOTE-365 cohort A study [J ] . Eur Urol , 2023 , 83 ( 1 ): 15 - 26 . DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2022.08.005 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2022.08.005 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0302283822025544 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0302283822025544

Views

2285

下载量

CSCD

Alert me when the article has been cited

提交

Tools

Publicity Resources

A study on the immunomicroenvironment characteristics of gastric cancer with neuroendocrine neoplasm and pure gastric cancer

Mechanism study of MYC promoting proliferation and metastasis in prostate cancer by targeting CD47

The research on construction of the spontaneous prostate tumor and breast cancer model of Pten^fl/fl;Trp53^fl/fl;Pbsn-iCre⁺ transgenic mouse

Chinese expert consensus on perioperative integrated rehabilitation for radical prostatectomy (2024 edition)

Expert consensus of ¹⁷⁷Lu-labeled PSMA radioligand therapy for clinical practice of prostate cancer (2024 edition)

Related Author

ZHANG Yi

SUN Haidong

QU Xinglong

ZHAO Bin

Hao LIU

Junjie SU

Shiyong XIN

Jiachen WU

Related Institution

Department of Surgical Oncology, Minhang Branch, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center

Seventh People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine

College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology

Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital and College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology

Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University

AI问答

⁰