Research progress in epidemiology and risk factors of thyroid cancer

Zhiyue ZHANG; Huijing HE; Guangliang SHAN; Yansong LIN

doi:10.19401/j.cnki.1007-3639.2025.01.003

您当前的位置：

首页 >

文章列表页 >

Research progress in epidemiology and risk factors of thyroid cancer

Specialist' Commentary | 更新时间：2025-12-31

- Research progress in epidemiology and risk factors of thyroid cancer
- China Oncology Vol. 35, Issue 1, Pages: 21-29(2025)
- 作者机构：
  
  1. 中国医学科学院基础医学研究所/北京协和医学院基础学院流行病与卫生统计学系，北京 100005
  2. 北京大学医学人文学院，北京 100191
  3. 中国医学科学院北京协和医学院北京协和医院核医学科，疑难重症及罕见病国家重点实验室，核医学分子靶向诊疗北京市重点实验室，北京 100730
- 作者简介：
- 基金信息：
- DOI：10.19401/j.cnki.1007-3639.2025.01.003
  CLC： R736.1
- Received：04 December 2024，
  
  Revised：2025-01-23，
  
  Published：30 January 2025
- 稿件说明：
移动端阅览
Zhiyue ZHANG, Huijing HE, Guangliang SHAN, et al. Research progress in epidemiology and risk factors of thyroid cancer[J]. China Oncology, 2025, 35(1): 21-29.
DOI：

Zhiyue ZHANG, Huijing HE, Guangliang SHAN, et al. Research progress in epidemiology and risk factors of thyroid cancer[J]. China Oncology, 2025, 35(1): 21-29. DOI： 10.19401/j.cnki.1007-3639.2025.01.003.

摘要

甲状腺癌是内分泌系统和头颈部最常见的恶性肿瘤，包括甲状腺乳头状癌（papillary thyroid cancer，PTC）、甲状腺滤泡癌（follicular thyroid cancer，FTC）、甲状腺髓样癌（medullary thyroid cancer，MTC）和甲状腺未分化癌（anaplastic thyroid cancer，ATC）等类型。近几十年，甲状腺癌的发病率迅速增长。从地区分布看，甲状腺癌的发病率在经济发达地区较高；发病率上升较快的主要是一些高收入国家，但在一些中等收入国家也出现了快速增长；从人群看，女性甲状腺癌的发病率显著高于男性。中国甲状腺癌的发病率近年来也呈明显上升趋势，但死亡率则稳定在较低水平；城市甲状腺癌的发病率高于农村地区，东部沿海地区发病率高于中、西部地区。甲状腺癌的病因复杂多样，主要危险因素包括遗传易感性、辐射暴露、碘摄入水平、内分泌紊乱、环境污染和生活方式等。其中，辐射暴露（尤其是儿童时期暴露于电离辐射）是甲状腺癌公认的重要诱因。此外，碘摄入不足或过量均可影响甲状腺功能，增加癌变风险。在遗传学方面，甲状腺癌的家族聚集性和基因（如

BRAF

、

RET/PTC

等）突变在疾病发生中的作用已被广泛研究，而环境污染和现代生活方式的改变也可能在某种程度上促进了疾病的发生、发展。因此，对有甲状腺癌家族史的人群开展早期筛查，减少不必要的医疗辐射暴露，及时干预肥胖等与生活方式密切相关的危险因素，可能对甲状腺癌的预防有积极意义。甲状腺癌患者大多数预后良好，预后影响因素主要有病理学分型（PTC预后较好，而MTC和ATC预后较差）、临床分期（TNM分期Ⅰ、Ⅱ期预后较好，Ⅲ、Ⅳ期较差）、生理因素（女性总体预后优于男性）、遗传学因素和环境因素等。了解甲状腺癌的流行病学现状，探索其发病和预后的影响因素，对于甲状腺癌的预防、治疗和健康管理有重要意义。未来可基于甲状腺癌危险因素进行高危人群的识别和干预研究，从而预防肿瘤，减少疾病负担，提高患者的生存质量。

Abstract

Thyroid cancer is the most common malignant tumor of the endocrine system and head and neck region

mainly including papillary thyroid cancer (PTC)

follicular thyroid cancer (FTC)

medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) and anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC). Over the past few decades

the global incidence of thyroid cancer has risen rapidly

nearly doubling in some developed countries. Geographically

thyroid cancer incidence is higher in economically developed regions. Although the fastest increase in incidence has been observed in high-income countries

certain middle-income countries have also reported significant growth. Demographically

the incidence rate is notably higher in women than in men. In China

the incidence of thyroid cancer has increased significantly in recent years

while the mortality rate has remained stable at a low level. Urban areas report higher incidence rates than rural areas

and eastern coastal regions have higher rates compared to central and western regions. The etiology of thyroid cancer is multifaceted

with major risk factors including genetic predisposition

radiation exposure

iodine intake levels

endocrine disruptions

environmental and lifestyle factors. Among these

radiation exposure (particularly ionizing radiation during childhood) is a recognized critical risk factor. In addition

both insufficient and excessive iodine intake can disrupt thyroid function

thereby increasing disease risk. Genetic factors

such as familial clustering and gene (

BRAF

RET/PTC

etc.) mutations

have been widely studied

whil

e environmental pollution and modern lifestyles may also contribute to disease onset. Therefore

it is beneficial to conduct early screening for people with a family history of thyroid cancer

reduce unnecessary medical radiation exposure and conduct intervention on lifestyle-related risk factors such as obesity to prevent and control thyroid cancer. Most patients with thyroid cancer have a favorable prognosis. The main factors influencing the prognosis include pathological typing (PTC has a relatively better prognosis

while MTC and ATC have poorer prognoses)

clinical staging (patients at TNM stages Ⅰ and Ⅱ have better prognoses

while those at stages Ⅲ and Ⅳ have worse ones)

physiological factors (the overall prognosis of females is superior to that of males)

genetic factors and environmental factors. Understanding the epidemiological trends and identifying factors influencing the onset and prognosis of thyroid cancer are essential for its prevention

treatment and health management. Future research should focus on identifying high-risk populations and developing targeted interventions to prevent and control thyroid cancer

reduce its disease burden

improve quality of life for patients

and lower healthcare costs.

关键词

Keywords

references

International Agency for Research on Cancer . World Cancer Report [R ] . Lyon , 2014 .

赫捷 , 魏文强 . 2021中国肿瘤登记年报 [M ] . 北京 : 人民卫生出版社 , 2023 .

HE J , WEI W Q . Annual report of cancer registries in China 2021 [M ] . Beijing : People’s Medical Publishing House , 2023 .

刘志艳 , 刘书佚 , 王馨培 , 等 . 第5版WHO甲状腺滤泡源性肿瘤分类解读 [J ] . 中华病理学杂志 , 2023 , 52 ( 1 ): 7 - 12 .

LIU Z Y , LIU S Y , WANG X P , et al. Interpretation of the 5th edition WHO classification of follicular cell derived thyroid tumors [J ] . Chin J Pathol , 2023 , 52 ( 1 ): 7 - 12 .

董芬 , 张彪 , 单广良 . 中国甲状腺癌的流行现状和影响因素 [J ] . 中国癌症杂志 , 2016 , 26 ( 1 ): 47 - 52 .

DONG F , ZHANG B , SHAN G L . Distribution and risk factors of thyroid cancer in China [J ] . China Oncol , 2016 , 26 ( 1 ): 47 - 52 .

梁岭 . 甲状腺癌临床特征分布与发病相关因素研究 [D ] . 合肥 : 安徽医科大学 , 2019 .

LIANG L . Research on the distribution of clinical characteristics and related risk factors of thyroid cancer [D ] . Hefei : Anhui Medical University , 2019 .

杨雷 , 王宁 . 甲状腺癌流行病学研究进展 [J ] . 中华预防医学杂志 , 2014 , 48 ( 8 ): 744 - 748 .

YANG L , WANG N . Research progress in the epidemiology of thyroid cancer [J ] . Chin J Prev Med , 2014 , 48 ( 8 ): 744 - 748 .

KITAHARA C M , SOSA J A . Understanding the ever-changing incidence of thyroid cancer [J ] . Nat Rev Endocrinol , 2020 , 16 ( 11 ): 617 - 618 .

PIZZATO M , LI M M , VIGNAT J , et al. The epidemiological landscape of thyroid cancer worldwide: GLOBOCAN estimates for incidence and mortality rates in 2020 [J ] . Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol , 2022 , 10 ( 4 ): 264 - 272 .

AHMEDIN JEMAL DVM P . Cancer statistics, 2024 [J ] . CA A Cancer J Clin , 2024 , 74 ( 1 ): 12 - 49 .

AHN H S , KIM H J , WELCH H G . Korea’s thyroid-cancer “epidemic”: screening and overdiagnosis [J ] . N Engl J Med , 2014 , 371 ( 19 ): 1765 - 1767 .

WILD C P , WEIDERPASS E , STEWART B W . World cancer report: cancer research for cancer prevention [J ] . 2020

KILFOY B A , ZHENG T Z , HOLFORD T R , et al. International patterns and trends in thyroid cancer incidence, 1973-2002 [J ] . Cancer Causes Control , 2009 , 20 ( 5 ): 525 - 531 .

LIM H , DEVESA S S , SOSA J A , et al. Trends in thyroid cancer incidence and mortality in the United States, 1974-2013 [J ] . JAMA , 2017 , 317 ( 13 ): 1338 - 1348 . DOI: 10.1001/jama.2017.2719 http://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.2719

Globocan: global cancer statistics [EB/OL ] . [ 2024-12-20 ] . https://gco.iarc.fr https://gco.iarc.fr https://gco.iarc.fr.

YU G P , LI J C , BRANOVAN D , et al. Thyroid cancer incidence and survival in the national cancer institute surveillance, epidemiology, and end results race/ethnicity groups [J ] . Thyroid , 2010 , 20 ( 5 ): 465 - 473 .

WANQING CHEN PHD M , MPH R Z , et al. Cancer statistics in China, 2015 [J ] . CA A Cancer J Clin , 2016 , 66 ( 2 ): 115 - 132 .

张思维 , 郑荣寿 , 孙可欣 , 等 . 2016年中国恶性肿瘤分地区发病和死亡估计: 基于人群的肿瘤登记数据分析 [J ] . 中国肿瘤 , 2023 , 32 ( 5 ): 321 - 332 .

ZHANG S W , ZHENG R S , SUN K X , et al. Estimation of cancer incidence and mortality in different geographic areas of China in 2016: analysis based on population-based cancer registry data [J ] . China Cancer , 2023 , 32 ( 5 ): 321 - 332 .

杨志杰 , 王璐 , 钱云 , 等 . 2009—2019年江苏省肿瘤登记地区甲状腺癌发病趋势和年龄变化特征分析 [J ] . 中国肿瘤 , 2024 , 33 ( 12 ): 991 - 998 .

YANG Z J , WANG L , QIAN Y , et al. Trends of incidence and diagnostic age of thyroid cancer in cancer registration areas of Jiangsu province from 2009 to 2019 [J ] . China Cancer , 2024 , 33 ( 12 ): 991 - 998 .

罗亭亭 , 孟迪 , 张华 , 等 . 2010—2017年青岛市居民甲状腺癌发病与死亡分析 [J ] . 中华肿瘤防治杂志 , 2019 , 26 ( 17 ): 1231 - 1236 .

LUO T T , MENG D , ZHANG H , et al. Analysis of thyroid cancer incidence and death among Qingdao residents from 2010 to 2017 [J ] . Chin J Cancer Prev Treat , 2019 , 26 ( 17 ): 1231 - 1236 .

雷林 , 尚庆刚 , 刘维耿 , 等 . 深圳市2001—2015年甲状腺癌发病现状和趋势分析 [J ] . 中国肿瘤 , 2019 , 28 ( 7 ): 504 - 508 .

LEI L , SHANG Q G , LIU W G , et al. Incidences and epidemiologic trends of thyroid cancer in Shenzhen, 2001-2015 [J ] . China Cancer , 2019 , 28 ( 7 ): 504 - 508 .

杜瑞 , 梁楠 , 孙辉 . 儿童及青少年甲状腺癌诊疗进展 [J ] . 中国普通外科杂志 , 2019 , 28 ( 11 ): 1431 - 1436 .

DU R , LIANG N , SUN H . Progress of diagnosis and treatment of thyroid carcinoma in children and adolescents [J ] . Chin J Gen Surg , 2019 , 28 ( 11 ): 1431 - 1436 .

LI M M , DAL MASO L , PIZZATO M , et al. Evolving epidemiological patterns of thyroid cancer and estimates of overdiagnosis in 2013-17 in 63 countries worldwide: a population-based study [J ] . Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol , 2024 , 12 ( 11 ): 824 - 836 .

KITAHARA C M . The growing global burden of thyroid cancer overdiagnosis [J ] . Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol , 2024 , 12 ( 11 ): 780 - 782 .

VACCARELLA S , FRANCESCHI S , BRAY F , et al. Worldwide thyroid-cancer epidemic? The increasing impact of overdiagnosis [J ] . N Engl J Med , 2016 , 375 ( 7 ): 614 - 617 .

BARREA L , GALLO M , RUGGERI R M , et al. Nutritional status and follicular-derived thyroid cancer: an update [J ] . Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr , 2021 , 61 ( 1 ): 25 - 59 .

LI N , DU X L , REITZEL L R , et al. Impact of enhanced detection on the increase in thyroid cancer incidence in the United States: review of incidence trends by socioeconomic status within the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results registry, 1980-2008 [J ] . Thyroid , 2013 , 23 ( 1 ): 103 - 110 . DOI: 10.1089/thy.2012.0392 http://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2012.0392

LIU J , XU T M , MA L , et al. Signal pathway of estrogen and estrogen receptor in the development of thyroid cancer [J ] . Front Oncol , 2021 , 11 : 593479 .

NASH S H , LANIER A P , SOUTHWORTH M B . Occurrence of endocrine and thyroid cancers among Alaska native people, 1969-2013 [J ] . Thyroid , 2018 , 28 ( 4 ): 481 - 487 . DOI: 10.1089/thy.2017.0408 http://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2017.0408

MEMON A , ROGERS I , PAUDYAL P , et al. Dental X-rays and the risk of thyroid cancer and meningioma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of current epidemiological evidence [J ] . Thyroid , 2019 , 29 ( 11 ): 1572 - 1593 . DOI: 10.1089/thy.2019.0105 http://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2019.0105

BAKER S R , BHATTI W A . The thyroid cancer epidemic: is it the dark side of the CT revolution? [J ] . Eur J Radiol , 2006 , 60 ( 1 ): 67 - 69 .

FRANCHINI F , PALATUCCI G , COLAO A , et al. Obesity and thyroid cancer risk: an update [J ] . Int J Environ Res Public Health , 2022 , 19 ( 3 ): 1116.

KITAHARA C M , MCCULLOUGH M L , FRANCESCHI S , et al. Anthropometric factors and thyroid cancer risk by histological subtype: pooled analysis of 22 prospective studies [J ] . Thyroid , 2016 , 26 ( 2 ): 306 - 318 . DOI: 10.1089/thy.2015.0319 http://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2015.0319

BURRAGE L C , MCLEOD D S A , JORDAN S J . Obesity and thyroid cancer risk [J ] . Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes , 2023 , 30 ( 5 ): 244 - 251 . DOI: 10.1097/MED.0000000000000825 http://doi.org/10.1097/MED.0000000000000825

SCHMID D , RICCI C , BEHRENS G , et al. Adiposity and risk of thyroid cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis [J ] . Obes Rev , 2015 , 16 ( 12 ): 1042 - 1054 . DOI: 10.1111/obr.12321 http://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12321

AVGERINOS K I , SPYROU N , MANTZOROS C S , et al. Obesity and cancer risk: emerging biological mechanisms and perspectives [J ] . Metabolism , 2019 , 92 : 121 - 135 .

ALMQUIST M , JOHANSEN D , BJÖRGE T , et al. Metabolic factors and risk of thyroid cancer in the metabolic syndrome and cancer project (Me-Can) [J ] . Cancer Causes Control , 2011 , 22 ( 5 ): 743 - 751 .

LAURBERG P , PEDERSEN I B , KNUDSEN N , et al. Environmental iodine intake affects the type of nonmalignant thyroid disease [J ] . Thyroid , 2001 , 11 ( 5 ): 457 - 469 . DOI: 10.1089/105072501300176417 http://doi.org/10.1089/105072501300176417

吴恋 , 于健春 , 康维明 , 等 . 碘营养状况与甲状腺疾病 [J ] . 中国医学科学院学报 , 2013 , 35 ( 4 ): 363 - 368 . DOI: 10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.2013.04.001 http://doi.org/10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.2013.04.001

WU L , YU J C , KANG W M , et al. Iodine nutrition and thyroid diseases [J ] . Acta Acad Med Sin , 2013 , 35 ( 4 ): 363 - 368 . DOI: 10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.2013.04.001 http://doi.org/10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.2013.04.001

崔玉山 , 刘洪亮 . 甲状腺癌流行病学特征和碘营养关系研究进展 [J ] . 环境卫生学杂志 , 2020 , 10 ( 2 ): 212 - 217 .

CUI Y S , LIU H L . Epidemiological characteristics of thyroid cancer and its association with iodine nutrition [J ] . J Environ Hyg , 2020 , 10 ( 2 ): 212 - 217 .

KIM H J , PARK H K , BYUN D W , et al. Iodine intake as a risk factor for BRAF mutations in papillary thyroid cancer patients from an iodine-replete area [J ] . Eur J Nutr , 2018 , 57 ( 2 ): 809 - 815 .

陈芳 , 吴凯 , 徐明星 , 等 . 基于病例对照研究的甲状腺癌危险因素的meta分析 [J ] . 中华地方病学杂志 , 2017 , 36 ( 4 ): 250 - 256 .

CHEN F , WU K , XU M X , et al. Meta-analysis of risk factors of thyroid cancer: base on case-control study [J ] . Chin J Endem , 2017 , 36 ( 4 ): 250 - 256 .

JUNG S K , KIM K , TAE K , et al. The effect of raw vegetable and fruit intake on thyroid cancer risk among women: a case-control study in South Korea [J ] . Br J Nutr , 2013 , 109 ( 1 ): 118 - 128 .

ROCHE A M , FEDEWA S A , SHI L L , et al. Treatment and survival vary by race/ethnicity in patients with anaplastic thyroid cancer [J ] . Cancer , 2018 , 124 ( 8 ): 1780 - 1790 . DOI: 10.1002/cncr.31252 http://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.31252

郑维晖 , 龚巍巍 , 陆凤 , 等 . 甲状腺癌相关基因突变和表观遗传学研究进展 [J ] . 中华流行病学杂志 , 2017 , 38 ( 11 ): 1579 - 1583 .

ZHENG W H , GONG W W , LU F , et al. Progress in research of thyroid carcinoma related gene mutation and epigenetics [J ] . Chin J Epidemiol , 2017 , 38 ( 11 ): 1579 - 1583 .

宋创业 , 严丽 , 孟艳林 , 等 . 甲状腺癌发生发展及预后的相关影响因素 [J ] . 中华普通外科学文献(电子版) , 2020 , 14 ( 1 ): 72 - 75 .

SONG C Y , YAN L , MENG Y L , et al. Related factors of occurrence, development and prognosis of thyroid cancer [J ] . Chin Arch Gen Surg Electron Ed , 2020 , 14 ( 1 ): 72 - 75 .

KIM H , KIM H I , KIM S W , et al. Prognosis of differentiated thyroid carcinoma with initial distant metastasis: a multicenter study in Korea [J ] . Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) , 2018 , 33 ( 2 ): 287 - 295 .

TANG J N , KONG D G , CUI Q X , et al. Racial disparities of differentiated thyroid carcinoma: clinical behavior, treatments, and long-term outcomes [J ] . World J Surg Oncol , 2018 , 16 ( 1 ): 45.

ELISEI R , MOLINARO E , AGATE L , et al. Are the clinical and pathological features of differentiated thyroid carcinoma really changed over the last 35 years? Study on 4 187 patients from a single Italian institution to answer this question [J ] . J Clin Endocrinol Metab , 2010 , 95 ( 4 ): 1516 - 1527 .

KIM J Y , MYUNG J K , KIM S , et al. Prognosis of poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis [J ] . Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) , 2024 , 39 ( 4 ): 590 - 602 .

张磊 , 董云伟 , 胡神保 , 等 . 美国癌症联合委员会甲状腺癌分期系统(第8版)修订对甲状腺乳头状癌分期的影响 [J ] . 中国癌症杂志 , 2018 , 28 ( 7 ): 491 - 496 .

ZHANG L , DONG Y W , HU S B , et al. The impact of American Cancer Joint Committee revised thyroid cancer staging system (8th edition) on staging of papillary thyroid carcinoma [J ] . China Oncol , 2018 , 28 ( 7 ): 491 - 496 .

SHTEINSHNAIDER M , MUALLEM KALMOVICH L , KOREN S , et al. Reassessment of differentiated thyroid cancer patients using the eighth TNM/AJCC classification system: a comparative study [J ] . Thyroid , 2018 , 28 ( 2 ): 201 - 209 . DOI: 10.1089/thy.2017.0265 http://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2017.0265

KAZAURE H S , ROMAN S A , SOSA J A . The impact of age on thyroid cancer staging [J ] . Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes , 2018 , 25 ( 5 ): 330 - 334 . DOI: 10.1097/MED.0000000000000430 http://doi.org/10.1097/MED.0000000000000430

CHO J S , YOON J H , PARK M H , et al. Age and prognosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma: retrospective stratification into three groups [J ] . J Korean Surg Soc , 2012 , 83 ( 5 ): 259 - 266 . DOI: 10.4174/jkss.2012.83.5.259 http://doi.org/10.4174/jkss.2012.83.5.259

ITO Y , MIYAUCHI A , KOBAYASHI K , et al. Prognosis and growth activity depend on patient age in clinical and subclinical papillary thyroid carcinoma [J ] . Endocr J , 2014 , 61 ( 3 ): 205 - 213 .

黄美玲 , 李永平 , 凌瑞 . BRAF V600E基因突变与乳头状甲状腺癌淋巴结转移相关性的meta分析 [J ] . 中国肿瘤 , 2017 , 26 ( 2 ): 145 - 151 .

HUANG M L , LI Y P , LING R . A meta-analysis on the correlation between BRAF V600E gene mutation and lymph nodes metastasis in papillary thyroid carcinoma [J ] . China Cancer , 2017 , 26 ( 2 ): 145 - 151 .

FILETTI S , DURANTE C , HARTL D , et al. Thyroid cancer: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up [J ] . Ann Oncol , 2019 , 30 ( 12 ): 1856 - 1883 . DOI: S0923-7534(20)32555-2 http://doi.org/S0923-7534(20)32555-2

XING M Z , ALZAHRANI A S , CARSON K A , et al. Association between BRAF V600E mutation and recurrence of papillary thyroid cancer [J ] . J Clin Oncol , 2015 , 33 ( 1 ): 42 - 50 .

FEI-ZHANG D J , VERMA R , ARIMOTO R , et al. Social vulnerability association with thyroid cancer disparities in the United States [J ] . Thyroid , 2024 , 34 ( 2 ): 225 - 233 .

MILLER D L , KAKAR S , JIANG L , et al. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s role in improving radiation dose management for medical X-ray imaging devices [J ] . Br J Radiol , 2021 , 94 ( 1126 ): 20210373.

DABELIĆ N , JUKIĆ T , FRÖBE A . Medullary thyroid cancer-feature review and update on systemic treatment [J ] . Acta Clin Croat , 2020 , 59 ( Suppl 1 ): 50 - 59 .

Views

3492

下载量

CSCD

Alert me when the article has been cited

提交

Tools

Publicity Resources

Distribution and risk factors of thyroid cancer in China

Interpretation of the 2025 American Thyroid Association Management Guidelines for Adult Patients with Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: advances in surgical treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer

Analysis of etiological characteristics, risk factors and inflammatory factors in patients with postoperative infection following modified radical mastectomy

Survival and cause-of-death analysis of 55 thousand thyroid cancer cases in China from a large single institution hospital-based cancer registry database

Current status and prospect of diagnosis and treatment of bone metastasis of thyroid cancer

Related Author

董　芬

张　彪

单广良

Qian SHI

Jugao FANG

Fang QIAN

Yongqiang SUN

Sihan ZHANG

Related Institution

Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University

Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, The Third People's Hospital of Zhengzhou

Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Artificial Intelligence Technology for Tumor Diseases

School of Public Health, Fudan University

Department of Cancer Prevention, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University

AI问答

⁰